The main difference: Mania

The two stages of bipolar disorder are manic and depression. In the manic stage the person experiences increased self-esteem and a strong feeling of grander. Symptoms of the manic stage can resemble the behaviors and attitudes of someone who is hyperactive. Such behavior includes insomnia or decreased need of sleep, rapid and frequent talking, racing thoughts and ideas, as well as impulsive behavior such as careless spending and risky sexual acts. The person stays in the manic stage of any allotment of time and juggles through a depressed and normal life. People with bipolar disorder may also experience times with no mental disturbances.

Treating This Condition Naturally

A person with dejection will not exhibit these behaviors and attitudes, but rather act the opposite. On the other hand, the diagnosis of depression is still often difficult to differentiate from bipolar disorder.

A common mistake made my most patients is that they think that they are not suicidal so they must have bipolar disorder rather than depression. People who suffer from bipolar disorder can also have suicidal thoughts. People with bipolar disorder can have mixed episodes of depression and mania. The hyperactivity of the mind that leads to anxiety and restlessness mixed with the low energy, irritability, and concentration difficulty of depression can result in frequent suicidal thoughts.

The best way to tell is to go to a psychiatrist with experience in bipolar disorder. Often times a person will first be diagnosed with depression during the depression stage of bipolar disorder. The best way to receive an accurate diagnosis and therefore treatment is communication and honesty. During an initial interview a psychiatrist may see the signs and symptoms of depression, but will need evidence of a manic stage to realize bipolar disorder. Both disorders are mainly subjective and full cooperation is needed to differentiate between the two.

The Original Post is Located Here: Difference Between Bipolar Disorder and Depression

Beck’s Cognitive Model of Depression

According to Beck’s cognitive model of depression, certain kinds of early experiences lead to the formation of dysfunctional beliefs, which are rigid, extreme and counterproductive, and make a person vulnerable to depression later in life. These beliefs are triggered when a critical incident occurs or depressive mood sets in. They tend to intensely influence the current thought process, creating a pattern of negative automatic thoughts that in turn produce symptoms of depression (behavioral, motivational, affective, cognitive and somatic), thus enveloping the mind in a web of pessimistic notions.

Beck’s theory of depression has three aspects: first, the cognitive triad, which explores the negative views regarding the self, the world and the future. Second, schemas, which are the conceptual patterns in the mind of maladaptive or adaptive attitudes and beliefs. Third, cognitive distortions, which are incoherent thoughts; pessimistic and unrealistic perceptions of life.

The Cognitive Triad

People suffering from depression have extremely negative thoughts about themselves, about their experiences and their surroundings, and about the future. The feeling of despair and helplessness is often accompanied by the belief that nothing they do will make a difference in their worthless lives. The world seems meaningless to them and everything else insignificant. They draw negative conclusions while completely ignoring the good things happening around them. The illogical thoughts running though their mind make the future seem bleak.

Schemas or underlying beliefs

The depressogenic schemas or dysfunctional beliefs are thought to develop during childhood and adolescence as a result of negative and emotionally or psychologically damaging experiences with one’s parents or other significant people. These set of assumptions are deeply embedded in one’s mind. Though, one might not be consciously aware of these thoughts, but they are present in the subconscious mind and tend to covertly influence an individual’s current attitude and behavior.

Information Processing

Beck also hypothesized that negative cognitive triad is maintained by a variety of negative cognitive errors. People who are depressed are inclined to misinterpret the information from the world. The way they process information is distortional and misleading. Their perception is biased as they tend to make unrealistically negative interpretations about their life. Some common examples of misinterpretations are:

Dichotomous or all-or-none thinking: a tendency to think in extremes and seeing everything in terms of “all or nothing”, “black or white”, etc.; it also includes establishing false and unrealistic assumptions and trying to live according to fixed rules.

Arbitrary inferences: a habit of jumping to a negative conclusion without any evidence to support it.

Personalizing:  holding one responsible for all the unpleasant incidents that take place. Blaming oneself unnecessarily for each and every negative occurrence increases insecurity and decreases self-esteem.

Selective abstraction: an inclination to focus on only the negative aspects of a situation while ignoring all the other positive elements.

Overgeneralization: involves illogically drawing conclusions based on a single event with minimal or no evidence.

Catastrophizing: a tendency to exaggerate the importance of an insignificant matter or situation. Irrationally believing that something is far worse than it actually is.

Descriptive perspective of Beck’s theory

Over the years, extensive research has been conducted to examine the various aspects of Beck’s cognitive theory of depression. It has become more detailed and thorough while still maintaining its fundamental standards and beliefs. It has led to the generation of a very effective form of treatment for depression known as cognitive therapy. It has also been supported as a descriptive theory that shines light upon many important characteristics of depression.

It is a known fact that people suffering from depression possess a pessimistic attitude not only towards the world but themselves, as well. Depressed people are inclined to think more negatively about themselves and their lives as compared to non-depressed people. They tend to be more reclusive and often experience feelings of worthlessness, helplessness, guilt and self-blame. On the other hand, non-depressed people have the ability to positively perceive every situation and be optimistic about the future, which serves as a protective factor against depression.

Initially, Beck had postulated that a source of stress, pressure or strain was required to trigger the dysfunctional attitudes or depression-producing schemas, but recent research has shown that depressogenic schemas can be activated in a previously depressed individual by simply inducing a depressed mood.

A substantial amount of evidence has been gathered which supports the cognitive errors responsible for maintaining the negative cognitive triads.  Many experiments have been conducted that confirm that depressed people are able to recall negative information, unpleasant events and gloomy memories more easily than positive emotional information whereas it is the opposite for non-depressed people. Furthermore, depressed people are more prone to jump to negative conclusions without any sufficient evidence and often undervalue the positive aspects of any situation. Their depressiveness compels them to think unhappy or negative thoughts as they are what effectively maintain the vicious cycle of depression.

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

Beck’s cognitive therapy focuses on specific problems and emphasizes on modifying beliefs and thoughts in order to treat depression. Since, he believed that distorted patterns of thinking and illogical beliefs are responsible for depression; he tried to help patients in adopting rational and constructive ways of thinking. He challenged their extreme statements and helped them to identify distorted thoughts. Most of the depressed people interpreted events in disastrous terms; they would only think about the worst consequences and tragic possibilities. Beck thought this to be because of faulty thinking, so he suggested those ways to alter their thinking and adopt a positive outlook.

In the initial phase of therapy, patients are familiarized with their negative automatic thoughts. They were made aware of the relationship between their patterns of thinking and emotional responses. They are asked to keep records of each negative thought that passes through their mind and of their emotional reactions to various incidents or situations. With the help of therapy, they are able to detect the cognitive errors they had been making for so long. They are taught to challenge the rationality of every negative automatic thought.

In Beck’s cognitive therapy, patients are not made to change their beliefs and thoughts through debate or persuasion, rather, they are asked to gather information about themselves. They are even encouraged to find out the dysfunctional beliefs or schemas that may be the cause of their pessimistic point of view and low self-esteem. This is an essential phase for the patient as these techniques keep him from being pulled back into the realm of depression. The causal factors that make the patient vulnerable to depression need to be dealt with effectively so that the improvement is long-lasting.

The effectiveness of Beck’s cognitive therapy has been well documented. Research suggests that Beck’s approach of treatment is highly beneficial in relieving the patients from depression and other disorders. The improvements in patients are abiding and the chances of relapse are minimal. It has been proved to one of the most reliable forms of psychotherapy.

The Original Post is Located Here: Beck’s Cognitive Theory of Depression – Going Deeper into the Human Mind

The recipe below is a simple yet effected recipe using carrots and primarily cumin.

Try it. Being healthy is not that difficult.

Also, do not only stick to this recipe, mix it up and experiment with different vegetables, different herbs and even oils. It is amazing how you can turn 1 ingredient into an entire range of recipes.

Ingredients

1. 1 pound baby carrots with fresh green tops
2. 1 tablespoon olive oil
3. Juice and fresh grated zest of 1 lime
4. 1 teaspoon agave nectar or honey
5. 1/2 teaspoon fine sea salt
6. 1/2 teaspoon ground cumin
7. 1/4 teaspoon ground coriander
8. 1/4 teaspoon smoked paprika
9. 2 green onions, thinly sliced
10. Small handful fresh mint leaves, chopped

Instructions

1. Heat oven to 400 degrees.
2. Trim the tops off the carrots (you can use them in salads if you enjoy their flavor). Toss them on a baking sheet with the olive oil, lime juice and zest, agave, salt and spices.
3. Roast about 20 minutes, depending on size, until the carrots are just tender and beginning ot color. Transfer to a plate and sprinkle with the green onions and mint before tossing together and serving.

Via – http://familystylefood.com/2011/03/roasted-cumin-lime-carrots/

The Original Post is Located Here: Roasted Carrots in Cumin & Lime

Making your own bathing products has many advantages. First of all, you can tailor make these remedies to your own preferences. For example, you could be allergic to a common ingredient in many bath products and so can leave that out. You can implement any ingredient to take care of a certain desire such as muscle relaxation.

Another benefit is that they can be fun to make and cheaper than you’re typical branded product. Your experimentation is limitless and can get quite addictive. Choosing between the different oils, herbs, salts etc, you can make batch products different every time.

Using these organic homemade products will be excellent for your skin and can clear blemishes and other common conceptions that people get.

DIY Lemon and Thyme Salt Scrub Recipe from food plus words | DIY Lavender and Coconut Milk Bath Soak Recipe from Delighted Momma | DIY Natural Organic Lip Balm Recipe from Yiskah Knits

DIY Gardener’s Herbal Foot Soak Recipe from Garden Therapy | DIY Homemade Salve Recipe from Strawberry Koi | DIY Mango Citrus Body Butter Recipe from Garden Therapy.

This was taken from http://www.soapdelinews.com/2012/08/diy-natural-bath-and-beauty-skin-care.html.

The Original Post is Located Here: Make Your Own Bathing Products

Fatigue

Four out of five patients living with MS report suffering from chronic fatigue. However, interferon drugs that are often used in MS treatment can also make patients sleepy.

Depression

Depression is another common symptom among MS patients, but it’s also a known side effect of several interferon drugs. Researchers are still unclear on whether the drugs cause or only worsen patients’ depression.

Chest Pain

Some MS patients suffer from aching or burning feelings around their chest. Other patients describe sharp pains in the chest area. At the same time, chest pain can be caused by fingolimod, a newer MS drug. Fingolimod can negatively affect heart function for six hours after a dose. Due to the dangers involved, the drug is usually administered in a hospital setting, where the patient’s heart can be monitored.

Flu Symptoms

Flu symptoms are common side effects of several interferon drugs, including Betaseron, Rebif, INF-B and Avonex. Many patients suffer fever and aches about an hour after being injected with these medications. For some patients, these flu symptoms can worsen their existing multiple sclerosis symptoms.

Headaches

Headaches aren’t classified as symptoms of multiple sclerosis, but certain severe types of headaches are more common among MS patients. For example, cluster headaches and migraines can cause terrible long-lasting pain for patients.

Side Effects or MS Symptoms?

The line between MS symptoms and drug side effects isn’t always clear, but one way to tell the difference is to track the beginning of side effects compared to dosing times. In most cases, MS drug side effects begin around an hour after injection and go away after a few more hours. In the case of Avonex, however, side effects can remain for days afterwards. Side effects of other interferons tend to last for around eight hours. When symptoms don’t leave, they are more likely to be caused by multiple sclerosis rather than a medication.

The tips above are sure to help patients tell the difference between drug side effects and multiple sclerosis symptoms, but patients should remain cautious. When there is doubt about the cause of symptoms, it’s best to call a medical professional experienced with MS. By speaking with a physician or nurse as soon as symptoms appear, there will be no delay in the process of sorting drug side effects, MS symptoms and problems from other health conditions that may be present.

Image Credit: pntphoto

The Original Post is Located Here: MS Symptoms or Drug Side Effects: Telling the Difference

Take Up A New Exercise or Sport

A good way to celebrate heart health month is to start a new exercise activity to improve your cardiovascular function and improve overall health. You may already belong to a gym or engage in active sports. Adding a new sport will spur new interest in keeping your body fit. If you have been physically active for a while and feel confident of your skills, try signing up for some mud run events. These events can provide a fresh test of your strength and endurance. Remember to train with wet clothes and shoes to duplicate the condition of the event.

Open Up Your Heart Chakra

According to Eastern spiritual philosophies, the body contains “chakras,” or hubs, through which energy flows. Keeping these energy channels open is the key to good physical and mental health. At the center of the body is the “heart chakra,” a kind of central hub that is critical to this process. You can keep this important energy channel open by doing yoga exercises and meditation to relieve the stress that blocks energy flow. Regular stress management can help to eliminate one of the factors that contribute to heart disease.

Engage in Helping Others

Another way to relieve stress by getting away from your own problems and issues is to throw yourself into helping someone else. Every community in America has a variety of charitable efforts that can provide an opportunity to do something for someone else—and help your heart health at the same time. Whether it be helping out at the local food bank, reading to the elderly, entertaining sick children at the local hospital or doing something for the environment, you can help to improve your own health by working for the good of others.

Take Time For Your Loved Ones

It’s easy to get so busy that you lose touch with the most important people in your life, and this can occur even when they’re living in the same house you do. One way to do something important for your heart health is to maintain the relationships with those who are dear to your heart. The time you spend catching up on what’s going on in their lives can pay big dividends in your interactions. These times do not have to mean big event with extensive plans. A simple walk through the park talking and enjoying the day can big as significant an event as a long trip together. Take your significant other to lunch. Go to see a movie with your kids. Be available for talking and find something to laugh about. These times, though simple, can be the most memorable of your life.

The Original Post is Located Here: Different Ways You Can Celebrate Heart Health Month

Although you may not have heard of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) and their various beneficial effects, they have existed for a long period of time and only recently, their weight loss properties have been discovered. Chia seeds have proven to be of great help during the weight loss process, probably because of the high nutritious content that delays the feeling of hunger and allows you to have fewer meals and even produce satiety earlier.

The composition of chia seeds is complex, containing multiple forms of lipids, proteins, fiber and other vitamins, minerals and oligoelements. These elements are contained in significantly higher amounts than in many other types of seeds. Along with an important amount of omega 3 fatty acids, chia seeds also contain a number of other components involved in human metabolisms and in maintaining a good health. Chia seeds are considered the best natural aliment with a high content of fiber and omega 3, which have been proven to be involved in weight loss processes, because they lower some of the fattening hormones like cortisol.

Fatty acids

Chia seeds contain a relatively high amount of oil (between 30-35%) and a very high amount of alpha-linolenic acid (approximately 60-65%). Numerous laboratories have tested the oil content of chia seeds originating different sources, in order to prove the amount of total fatty acids; this was found to range between a minimum of 23% to a maximum value of approximately 32%. From the total amount of fatty acids, alpha linolenic acid represented approximately 15 to 20g /100 g seeds.

This means the alpha linolenic acid represents 55-65% of the total amount of fatty acids. The alpha linoleic acid (ALA) that can be found in chia seeds is similar to the types of fatty acids that are usually found in fish and flax. Chia seeds actually contain more omega 3 fats than the flax seed and do not require you to grind them up. ALA is very important in the healthy functioning of your heart and weight management.

Protein

Chia seeds contain approximately 20-23% protein. This amount is significantly higher than the amount of protein that can be found in wheat (15%) or corn (14%).

The proteins include a high amount of lysine, methionine and cysteine, meaning that chia has no limiting factors in a healthy diet, from an amino acid standpoint. As a consequence chia seeds can be included in human diets and represent a balanced source of proteins and amino acids.

Some research that was performed in 2004 on rats found that the relative net protein ratio (RNPR) and the biological value (BV) were 75.1 +- 3.4% and 76.1+- 7.9% with a value of digestibility of 75%. The methionine + cystine component was found to be the limiting factor at 73.2. Lysine was the next lowest at 76.5 of normal children’s requirements.

Fiber

The seeds of chia contain 2.3 times more fiber/ 100 g of edible portion than wheat, 2.6 times more than oats, 8.3 times more than corn and 9.8 times more than rice. A research from 2008 showed that the total amount of digestible fiber contained by the chia seeds range from 36 to 41 g per 100 g, varying with the test method. There were found no significant differences among different methods regarding soluble and insoluble fractions, the soluble one representing approximately 6 g from 100 g.

Another study showed that the amount of insoluble fiber varied between 23 and 46% and the soluble fiber between 2.5% and 7% in seed originating from different countries.

Antioxidants – A strong antioxidant activity of chia seeds has been demonstrated after analyzing both water and methanol extracts of chia seed meal remains, followed by pressing in order to remove oil. The high amount of antioxidants makes chia a very stable source of omega 3 fatty acids and explains its ability of being stored for long periods of time without becoming rancid.

The most important antioxidants are chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, but chia seeds also contain some flavonoids such as myricetin, quercein and kaempferol.

The caffeic and chlorogenic acids have the ability of inhibiting lipid peroxidation and are more effective than the usual antioxidant substances such as vitamin C and E. These are components that can also be found in coffee beans.

Quercetin is able to prevent the oxidation process that affects the lipids and proteins, making it a significantly more effective compound than some other flavonoids and an important mechanism that can cause chia seeds weight loss.

Composition of chia seeds varies even for the plants that have been grown under the same conditions, so the levels of protein and flavonoids can be variable.

All research on antioxidant composition of the seeds showed that the highest amount of antioxidants is represented by the caffeic acid and followed by chlorogenic acid, quercetin and kaempherol.

Chia Seeds are Available from Various Online Stores

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Minerals and nutrients

Chia seeds are rich in calcium, manganese any many other nutrients involved in health of bones, heart and liver. 2 ounces of Chia seeds will provide an amount of approximately 600 mg of calcium as opposed to milk that only provides 120 mg. It is beneficial for people who are during a period of weight loss or strenuous exercises because  the necessary amount in calcium is increased during these times.

Chia seeds also contain enzymes, some vitamins such as A, E and B and boron – a mineral involved in healthy bone structure that is very useful for people who suffer from osteoporosis.

The usual form of chia seeds that can currently be found on the market contains approximately 95% black seeds and 5% white seeds, but you can also find pure black or pure white seeds. There are very little differences in composition between the black chia seeds and the white ones. It has been proven that the black seeds have a slightly higher amount of antioxidants, but the effectiveness in the weight loss process is not significantly influenced.

One serving of chia seeds weighs approximately one ounce and will provide you with 10 grams of fiber, 5 grams of omega 3 –which is more than 100% of the daily dose recommended – and about 140 calories. It also provides 177 mg of calcium (as opposed to broccoli that only contains 56 mg) and 4.4 g of protein (1 ounce of kidney beans contains 0.01 g)

How to incorporate chia seeds in your meals

Chia is a part of the mint family and it originates from Mexico, where it has been used for a long period of time in cooking. The chia seeds were originally used for energy, endurance and controlling the appetite when food was difficult to find. It was believed that even a small amount of seeds (just ¼ cup) was enough to keep an individual satisfied for an entire day. Chia seeds are relatively unknown outside of the Central America area, but their popularity is currently increasing due to the discovery of their properties.

You can find chia seeds online, but they are also available in health food stores, organic stores and other markets. Chia seeds are easy to store too – you just have to keep them at normal room temperature (approximately 25 degrees Celsius) and out of the action of direct sunlight. If you follow these recommendations you can store chia seeds for as long as 2 years.

There are many ways of incorporating chia seeds into your diet and get your daily dose that will allow you to improve your health and lose excess weight. Chia seeds weight loss can be acquired very easy, because they have a neutral flavor and can be added to almost any type of aliments. You can add the seeds in a salad, soups and even inside, or on top of bread and muffins.

You can even cooking a recipe that contains chia seeds, such as chia pudding. This can be made from 50-75 g chia seeds, 120 ml almond and sesame milk and fig paste in a quantity as high as you wish. There are many recipes including seeds that are very easy to make.

If you desire a more efficient weight loss, you can add 1 or 2 tablespoons of gel made from chia seeds to your everyday diet. Chia seeds gel can be prepared from 9 ounces of water and 1 ounce of seeds and mixing this blend until you obtain a gel. The gel will stored for 15 minutes at room temperature and then you can store it in the refrigerator.

This gel can be added to water, milk, and fruit juices or even mixed in your bowl of oatmeal. You can store the gel in the refrigerator for up to two weeks.

It is not recommended to try the chia seeds that are packaged and sold as pet food, even though those contain the same types of seeds. Make sure the chia seeds you buy have been packaged as a food product, because the other ones are not approved as a food product by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Always buy your chia seeds from a local health store. You can also grow chia seeds yourself as long as you make sure that you buy the right type of seeds first.

You will notice that chia seeds are extremely nutritionally dense, do not contain gluten and contain many oxidants, vitamin C, minerals, fiber and proteins that will help you stay fit and healthy. They are easily digested and do not need previous grinding in order for you to be able to eat them.

You can experiment with the seeds and add them to as many foods as you desire because they will not influence the flavor of aliments, but will rather enhance it.

They are also recommended to children, so you can mix them with yogurt, puddings, lemonade, eggs and give a small amount to your child. As they have no specific flavor they can also be consumed in a raw state.

Chia seeds are also very good for athletes. Before training or sport competitions, where a high level of hydration is needed, you can prepare a drink from water and chia seeds which will ensure you keep hydrated during exercise.

The seeds can replace almost ½ of the fat that is usually found in a recipe without changing its taste and texture and will help with lowering the cholesterol.

Chia seeds and weight loss

Chia seeds have positive effects over a wide variety of health problems such as gastro intestinal disorders, cardio-vascular diseases, but most importantly weight loss.

Chia seeds help you lower the number of meals you consume each day, because they will make you feel “full” for a longer period of time. This is due to the slow absorption and metabolism of seeds and is an important aspect in regulating insulin (the hormone that controls the level of sugar that can be found in the blood). The contents of the seeds will prevent future blood sugar drops that cause the feeling of hunger and this way you will consume a lower amount of food.

Weight loss functions are also attributed to ALA. Because it causes a control over blood sugar levels, chia seeds can also be used to prevent or treat diabetes, as it is determined by uncontrolled levels of blood sugar and insulin.

The effects of chia seed consumption has been intensely studied over the years, starting with studies on rats.

Several studies have fed chia to rats in order to determine its effect on the composition of plasma. In one study 24 male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum (free access) with diets that contained equal energy levels that derived from corn oil, chia seed and chia oil for a period of 4 weeks.

The rats that were given chia showed a significant decrease in the levels of serum triglycerides. They also experienced an increase in HDL cholesterol levels (the good cholesterol) with 22 to 50%. The total cholesterol was significantly reduced in rats that had consumed chia seeds. Also, higher levels of alpha linolenic fatty acid were found in these rats compared to the ones that were not fed chia.

This shows how beneficial chia seeds can be to a diet in lowering fat and cholesterol.

The effects of chia consumption have also been studied on human subjects in order to find if the effects found on rats are also effective on humans.

A 28 preliminary trial was conducted with 16 subjects. A group of people received an amount of 28 g of chia seed each day, meanwhile the other group received placebo.

After this period cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglyceride levels were measured and compared to the same levels that were obtained before the beginning of the clinical trial. The levels differed slightly between the groups, favoring the one that was given chia. The level of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were lower in this group.

Another study was conducted on 100 subjects who were divided into 2 groups: one was given 30 g of chia seeds two times per day and the other one was given placebo.  At the end of the clinical trial results concluded that the group that had received the chia seeds had lower levels of body mass and blood composition.

So, chia seeds have proven to have positive effects on weight loss processes and reduction of appetite. The results can be speeded up if you also associate the diet with some physical exercises.

The seeds will allow you to consume less calories and this will gradually lead to a decrease in your body weight.

Any nutritionist will be able to tell you that in order for a diet to be effective it needs to include high amounts of fibers. Eating a moderate amount of fibers before your main meals will influence your appetite and make you feel fuller, so you won’t eat so much.

Considering that chia seeds can absorb an amount of water of up to 30 times its weight, you can see how this makes you feel full.

The protein it contains is also beneficial during weight loss, because it will provide you with the necessary amount of energy for your body to be able to function properly and will also protect your muscle mass and burn fat.

Many diets consist in basically starving yourself, but that can be tricky because the body will feel the need to get energy from some other source and might use muscles as a form of energy and not burn the excess fat as you desire.

When you ingest chia seeds or chia gel, a barrier will be created between the carbohydrates that you ingest and the enzymes present in the stomach that will digest them.  As long as this barrier exists, it will take a longer time to digest carbohydrates and feel the need to ingest another meal. The food will be eventually digested, but at a slower pace and this will cause a delay in the release of insulin and prevent spikes.

If you have fewer insulin spikes, your body will feel a diminished need for refined foods and sugar and this can help eliminate food cravings.

Balancing the levels of your blood sugar can be very helpful if you are known to have either too high or too low blood sugar levels.

It is recommended that you keep taking 1-2 spoons of chia seeds daily in whatever combinations you desire and at least 3-4 times per week.

How safe is the chia seed diet?

A very important aspect when considering a diet is the allergenic potential of the foods you need to consume. Studies conducted in the UK have found no evidence that chia seeds weight loss might trigger any allergic response. Not even individuals who usually experienced allergic reactions to peanuts and tree nut allergies did not show any allergic reactions to chia seeds.

Another study used the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to compare the serum of rats fed with chia seeds and chia oil. This test is usually used in order to find potential food allergens that may be contained in different classes of aliments such as peanuts, almonds, and eggs but showed no potential of allergic reactions regarding chia seeds.

Chia seeds have also been used as a source food to chickens, in order to notice any difference in the omega 3 content of their eggs or meat. Studies have shown good incorporation rates and a reduced content of saturated fat as well.

The conclusion drawn was that chia seeds have a positive impact and can lead to the production of healthier foods, which is desired considering the current amount of processed foods available on the market.

The chia seed diet is very safe, because it does not require you to drastically reduce the amount of food that you ingest. Instead, this will help you reduce your appetite naturally and get nutrients and vitamins at the same time.

Many traditional diets will make you feel tired and weak after a few days, especially if they are based on a significant decrease in your caloric intake. This diet can represent a healthy alternative to these diets and can ensure that you will maintain your good health. As an increased body weight will also causes some associated conditions, a healthy diet can prevent those too.

Along with producing weight loss, chia seeds will act in preventing cardiovascular disease. Studies have shown that regular chia seed consumption can lower blood pressure and reduce inflammation. The omega 3 acids also aid in lowering cholesterol and reduce the risk of cardio-vascular disease.

The fibers contained by the seeds are great for bowel regulation and overall health of the GI tract. This means that while you’re losing weight you will not experience unpleasant side effects that you normally would with a different weight loss option. Moreover, if you had previous intestinal conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome you may get some amelioration. During this diet with chia seeds, your energy levels will be increased and you will get good health.

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The Original Post is Located Here: How to Eat Chia Seeds for Weight Loss

The main ingredients are represented by different categories of alkaloids that can influence both appetite and fat burning processes. This way, the product will be able to reduce your cravings and the total amount of food you feel the need to consume, but can also help you maximize the amount of calories you can burn during exercise.

These effects are mainly due to the alkaloids contained: synephrine, yohimbine and caffeine. Apart from these alkaloids, the formula also contains guggulsterones and bioperine.

Synephrine can be found as a hydrochloric salt that is involved in the activation processes of some adrenoreceptors (such as beta 3). This causes increased lipolysis and powerful appetite suppression. It is contained in a quantity of 20 mg in the formula.

Yohimbine is also contained as a hydrochloric salt, in a quantity of 3 mg and has activity over the alpha 2 receptors. Blocking these receptors is an important part of the weight loss process because it can prevent fat to be further deposited on the body and this will cause the existing fat reserves to be progressively consumed.

Caffeine present is its anhydrous state, in a quantity of 200 mg is a powerful tool for weight loss because it enhances the metabolism and can speed the fat burning processes. It is also helpful in improving attention, focus and removing fatigue sensation. The anhydrous form means that the caffeine is of high purity and has been synthetically produced in order for it to provide maximum effects.

The other 2 ingredients are not alkaloids but also play an important part in the process.

Guggulsterones – 20 mg containing both E and Z forms. These 2 are active ingredients that can be found in Commiphora Mukul. Their effectiveness is due to the capacity of increasing the thyroid hormone levels, especially the T3 one which is involved in body weight regulation.

Bioperine – is an ingredient that can be extracted from the black pepper (Piper Nigrum) and has shown great results in inducing thermogenesis.  This ingredient completes the entire formula and enhances its absorption, this way leading to an increased effectiveness.

All ingredients have been selected and added in well-balanced proportions in order for the formula to provide specific weight loss properties.

How does synephrine influence the weight loss effect?

Synephrine is an ephedrine-like alkaloid that can usually be extracted from the bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), where it is contained in the form of p-synephrine.

Both bitter orange extract and the alkaloid alone are widely used in products and formulas that can act as thermogenic agents or help with weight management. P-synephrine derives from phenylethylamine and its use in weight management or weight loss products is due to the effect it can exert on some metabolic processes, such as lipolysis (fat-burning) and thermogenesis. It also acts on appetite levels, lowering cravings and general appetite.

Its mechanism in weight loss can be explained by the stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptors. These receptors can be found in various regions of the body and have been classified into 4 categories: beta1, beta2, beta3 and beta4. The most important ones are the beta3 receptors because they are usually located in fat cells and are believed to have thermogenic effects within the body.

Synephrine can represent a much safer alternative to the ephedra alkaloid that was initially included in weight loss formulas and had some relatively dangerous side effects. Altough its structure is similar to epinephrine and norepinephrine, synephrine does not cause unwanted side effects that were produced by ephedra because it has no action on beta1 and beta2 receptors.

This means that synephrine is able to produce fat burning processes by stimulating the beta3 receptors but will not affect the heart and lungs because it does not act on beta1 and beta2.

Clinical studies on animals (rats, hamsters and dogs) have shown that beta3 agonists such as synephrine have very potent lipolytic effects. In order for this effect to be visible on humans, much higher doses are required.  Extracts that can be found currently on the market and provide weight loss effects have concentrations of synephrine up to 95%, whereas traditional extracts that are obtained from the dried fruit or from the peel only contain 5-10%.

Research groups that have studied the effectiveness of synephrine on weight loss showed that oral administration of bitter orange extracts, standardized to concentrations of synephrine of 4% and 6% and administered in 4 doses of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg on rats for a period of 15 days caused a significant decrease in appetite, food intake and weight gain.

This proves the effectiveness of synephrine on weight loss processes in a dose-dependent manner. Doses of 5-14 mg/day of Citrus aurantium extracts containing synephrine have been used with no serious side effects and substantial weight loss effects. Administration of 32 mg/day provided even more suggestive evidence of effective weight loss.

Recent FDA studies have also demonstrated a lack of toxicity even at high doses of p-synephrine or bitter orange extracts, adding even more clarity to the safety of formulas containing this alkaloid.

So, synephrine can offer weight loss through at least 2 mechanisms: appetite reduction and increased burning reactions of fat, these making it a valuable ingredient in weight loss formulas.

In addition the lipolythic effect can be enhanced if the synephrine is associated with some other alkaloids such as caffeine – this association can be found in the Lipo 6 product.

How does yohimbine influence the weight loss effect?

Yohimbe is an African tree whose bark contains a chemical compound, an alkaloid called yohimbine. Yohimbine is included in a wide variety of herbal dietary supplements for weight loss effects. The alkaloid is believed to be able to change body composition by reducing fat reserves and increasing muscle mass. Although it was initially used for the aphrodisiac, yohimbine also has important weight loss properties and due to that it is included in weight loss extracts.

Structurally, the alkaloid is very similar to reserpine, which gives it high antagonism for alpha 2 adrenergic receptors and a partial antagonism with moderate affinity towards serotonin receptors. The stimulation of alpha 2 adrenergic receptors gives yohimbine lipolythic and fat cell inhibition effects and also diminishes hunger and food cravings. Yohimbine is used for its anabolic properties and ability of increasing muscle mass and improving strength. It appears to exert action on the central nervous system level by decreasing the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and increasing the one of the parasympathetic nervous system, this way producing relaxation. It is possible for it to also increase the blood levels of norepinephrine which results in fat loss and weight loss.

In a double blind placebo controlled study a number of 20 women were put on a low caloric diet (the caloric intake was approximately 1.000 kcal/day) for a period of time of 3 weeks. The diet was continued for another 3 weeks after that during which each person was administered either 20 mg of yohimbine or placebo, divided into 4 daily doses. During the last 21 days the women who had been taking the yohimbine supplement showed an important increase in the amount of body weight they had managed to lose as opposed to the ones who had been taking placebo.  The exercise energy expenditure and resting energy expenditure proved to be much lower in patients who were not administered the yohimbine supplement, this way leading to the conclusion that yohimbine has an important influence over body weight management.

Another clinical tried studied the effect of an acute dose of 0.2mg/kg of yohimbine on a number of 14 males. Blood samples taken later after administration showed that yohimbine is able to increase fat mobilization, measured as plasma glycerol and plasma nonesterified fatty acids levels.

Also, yohimbine showed no side effects on cardio-vascular level, because the heart rate and blood pressure were not influenced.  So, this provides evidence that yohimbine has weight reduction properties and is safe to use in dietary supplements because of the low risk of side effects.

The association with some other alkaloids such as caffeine can produce a more potent weight loss effect and increase the effectiveness of the formula.

How does caffeine enhance the weight loss effect?

Caffeine can be used as an ergogenic substance in order to improve endurance performances, reduce fatigue levels and promote weight loss.

Caffeine is the basic ingredient of many weight loss supplements because of its proven effects on thermogenesis and lipolysis. However, caffeine is rarely used as a stand-alone product that can produce weight loss. It is usually associated with some other lipolytic substances because this way greater results can be obtained.

Caffeine works in stimulating energy expenditure through various stimulating actions such as sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Numerous in vitro studies have demonstrated that caffeine also works in producing a synergism with adrenaline and enhances lipolysis. This shows that its effects can be acquired through many ways and not just by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. Caffeine should not be used in very high concentration because it can cause an over stimulation and lead to unpleasant side effects such as anxiety. This is why it is recommended to choose a weight loss product that has the right amount of caffeine and a well-balanced composition of the other ingredients such as Lipo 6.

Consumption of caffeine has both thermogenic effects (which means it increases the metabolic rate) and fat burning (oxidative) effects.

Studies regarding the thermic effect of caffeine showed that people who consumed coffee along with breakfast or took a supplement containing caffeine in the morning had an increased metabolic rate than the one who didn’t ingest any caffeine. This is probably due to the fact that caffeine mobilizes free fatty acids and other lipidic metabolites and can even enhance the contractile status of muscles.

Ingestion of caffeine can raise energy expenditure by 9 -11% and these results do not differ much between different age groups. An investigation that studied the effect of an 8 mg dose of caffeine/kg on thermogenesis showed that the metabolic rate increases significantly within 3 hours after caffeine consumption. Although plasmatic levels of sugar, insulin and  oxidation of other components did not change very much, the levels of plasma free lipidic acids rose with approximately 96% and were also accompanied by increases in oxidative processes of lipids during the last hour of test.

Caffeine is considered a substance that is safe to use during the weight loss process if you respect the recommended dosages and do not use too much. Side effects only appear when the dose is not appropriate to your body, in which case the body is stimulated whether too little or too much.

If your body does not receive the necessary amount of caffeine during the weight loss process, you will not experience any side effects but the results might not be the ones you desire. A quantity of caffeine that is too high will probably produce some effects, the severity of these depending on the dose.

This is why you need to discuss with a specialist who is able to calculate the right amount of caffeine you require or use a product that contains the right amount of caffeine.

Using an association of alkaloids increases weigh loss effects

Each alkaloid has good results on its own as a lipolytic substance, but this propriety can be enhanced when they are associated.

This product, containing 3 of the alkaloids with proven weight loss effects: synephrine, caffeine and yohimbine have an increased potency as opposed to other supplements that only contain a single alkaloid.

The association is also safe to use in the recommended dosages and the effect given by the alkaloids increases because these are also associated with guggulsterones and bioperine which have a positive contribution to the formula.

It can provide great results especially to women who have had a hard time losing body fat in the thigh or stomach areas, because the ingredients target specific areas where receptors can interact with the substances and create the desired effect.

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These liquid diets involve replacing all solid foods with liquid ones and only spending a limited amount of time for drinking your meal, which usually consists of soups, shakes or different nutritive drinks.

This way, your body will be provided with a specific quantity of calories each day, in order to produce weight loss. It also diminishes the temptation of eating the wrong foods, because you don’t need to choose anything else but the necessary liquids.

Although this may seem like an easy option, the working mechanisms behind these diets can cause the diet to be more or less efficient. Many people these days have started using liquid diets in order to lose the extra weight and that is mainly due to the convenience of these programs. However, the ingredients of these liquid meals are various, and if you don’t know which one to choose, many of them can prove to not be very an efficient way of losing weight.

Image from – www.optifast.com

Many liquid diets that are available on the market, such as Optifast are well-structured, containing the necessary amounts of protein, sugars and lipids, in the appropriate proportions but also some supplemental vitamins, minerals and oligoelements. These microelements play a very important part because, after a normal liquid diet the body will have the amount of energy to function, but will lack some nutrients that have important functions in cell metabolisms.

Numerous other liquid diets have a various content of carbohydrates, which causes them to have a sweet taste and be easy to drink; however, it is not necessary for them to have a low caloric content. These liquid diets can be more helpful in supplementing other aliments for people that have a very restrictive diet and require some nutrients and vitamins.

Most of the times, a liquid-diet serving (a drink) contains an amount of approximately 220 calories. Each day, the patient needs to consume 4 of these drinks instead of solid meals in order for the body to have the necessary energy to function, but not enough, so it starts burning the fat for more. Such diets can work in producing weight loss for a short period of time only. That is due to the fact that the body will not be able to function properly for a long period of time based on liquid diets only.

If you desire long-term weight loss with the help of liquid diets, you can replace 2 or 3 of your meals with a liquid-diet shake. The rest of your meals, 1 or 2, need to have a low content of fat, low amounts of calories, but still be nutritious. For that, you will probably need the help of a nutritionist, so you can establish which meals are appropriate.

There are other alternative liquid diets that can have good results with weight loss, one of which is the milk-based diet. Such diets can be very simple and low-cost, but can only be used for losing weight within a short period of time.

You can use the Optifast liquid diet weight loss (from Novartis Nutrition Corporation), because it represents a medically supervised program that can produce great weight loss results and that uses a liquid drink formula and also some other products (shakes, bars) to reduce body weight. Participants purchase the OPTIFAST brand of prepackaged liquid meals and nutrition bars. The program boasts of high-quality, the pre-portioned products providing complete nutrition and freedom from having to make a food choice.

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The dieter will eat five Optifast products each day, which consist of liquid meals and in rare cases even solid ones, depending on the particular Optifast center in which he will undergo this diet. Each product has been specifically designed to provide exactly 160 calories.

So, the five meals that need to be consumed per day will provide not more than 800 calories. This procedure will be continued for a period of 18 weeks during which a high amount of body fat needs to be lost. The overweight individuals will need to consume only Optifast meals for a period of 12 weeks. No other solid or liquid meals outside the Optifast program are allowed during this period.

Each serving of the liquid meals will provide your body with 14 g of protein, approximately 20 g of carbohydrate, and 3 g of lipids. You will probably attend weekly group lifestyle modification classes that last between 60 and 90 minutes.

During the second phase, some types of traditional food will be gradually reintroduced, after which you will enter the third phase—weight maintenance. Starting with the 13^th week dieters will undergo a slow transition that includes only 4 OPTIFAST meals and a single regular meal per day that needs to contain a maximum amount of 4 ounces of meat. You can also choose vegetal protein source or non-starchy vegetables instead of the meat. During the 15^th week, the regular meals will continue just like during week 12, with the same basic elements but also adding a vegetable or a fruit.

At the end of the program, around week 17, you can add to your diet either a fruit or a vegetable (do not chose the same one you added to your meals after the 15^th week).

You will need to continue with the amount and structure of the meals you’d been consuming during the final week of the program in order to maintain your weight on the long-term. This would basically mean that you will consume a formula for breakfast and the lunch and dinner will need to sum not more than 1250 calories/day.

Optifast is an 18-week-long low-calorie diet that offers the overweight individual full control over his caloric intake, making this a very efficient working mechanism.

For example, if we refer to a 35-year-old woman who is 5‘3″ tall and weighs 175 pounds; the Optifast diet program will be able to provide her with a diet containing an amount of calories with less than 740 which means about 1/3 of her normal energy needs. From this diet she will be able to take about 800 calories which include approximately 50% of calories from carbohydrates, 28% protein, and 20% fat.

The rich content of the Optifast products that also include micronutrients can suffice the Recommended Daily Allowance for vitamins and minerals if 5 products/ day are consumed (excepting natrium and potassium). A product contains about 25-30% of the Recommended Daily Allowance, so the consumption of 5 products/ day provides people with 100% of the dosage needed. Optifast does not require any additional intake of minerals or vitamins, unless the doctor advises so. The liquid meals do not contain dietary fibers, so a fiber supplement can be used to suffice that need. In terms of hydration, it is also recommended that dieters drink a minimum of two quarts of zero calorie or very-low calorie liquids every day.  Any excitant beverage such as coffee, green tea or even soda needs to be limited to 2 cups/day.

Is it safe to not eat anything but liquids?

This type of diet can be very effective in producing weight loss, but it is not recommended to be tried at home. The amount of calories your body needs has to be individualized during the diet, so a professional opinion in required.

This is why the Optifast diet is only available in specialized medical centers that have the ability to closely supervise your rate of weight loss and health state.  In order for that to be acquired, Optifast centers will provide you with specific teams which include a dietitian, a physician, and if it is considered necessary, an exercise physiologist. Depending on the Optifast center where you decide to go, the exercise programs will be especially tailored to meet your individual needs and interests.

There is no danger in using the liquid diet weight loss if it is closely monitored and adjusted for each individual. The number of calories will be established so your body will have just the right amount in order for the weight loss process to be able to begin. Beware of similar programs and products that are available without medical supervision. Don’t ever put yourself go through any diet that provides fewer than 800 calories a day. Even this quantity of 800 calories may be too low for most people for more than a day or two, probably because your body can’t get all the nutrients it needs at that calorie level and needs further supplementation.

Optifast is considered a medical program, even if its goal is to only produce weight. The first step of the program is always a medical evaluation. After this evaluation, the program will offer you a three-step meal replacement and also some lifestyle adjustments to help you enhance the results even more.

Once the program has been initiated the patients are seen by physicians on a regular basis and will undergo periodic laboratory tests and will be offered support, counseling, and lifestyle education. The program also includes some one-on-one counseling with a physician and small group discussions with a counselor. You will have activity plans established and customized for your needs and time constraints. Most people lose the highest amount of weight during the first phase of the program (the first few weeks).

Still, it is possible for this very-low caloric diet to put some people at risk, especially if they suffer from some previous conditions like diabetes and this is what explains the physician monitoring.

Scientific foundation and efficiency of Optifast:

Optifast has reportedly been used by a large number of patients (statistics approximate over 700,000) since it has been practically introduced first during the early 70’s. The diet usually lasts up to 16 weeks, but the final phase is not time-limited and can be continued throughout your entire life.

The program can show the greatest results in people with a body mass index (BMI) of over 30 and is not usually used in people who only need to lose a little amount of body weight. The program claims that 1 out of 4 participants will be able to maintain approximately 3/4 of their lost weight within a two year period after finishing the program. Optifast Diet promises a significant reduction in weight: an average weight loss of 21 lbs. in over 20000 patients.

This is probably why the safety and efficacy of the Optifast Diet Program have been extensively studied in order to prove whether this diet really works. The major focus was on the short- term and long-term change in body weight of the subjects submitted to this diet.

An overall evaluation including 517 participants who were undergoing the 26-week of Optifast Core Program revealed that approximately 54% of men and 56% of women were able to complete the entire program. Males and females who managed to complete the treatment had lost an average of 32.1 and 22.0 kg, respectively, compared with 20.0 and 14.3 kg, respectively, for males and females who were not included in the Optifast program.

A follow-up evaluation exerted after one ear on a total number of 18 patients showed that they had managed to maintain approximately 15.3 kg of their original 24.8-kg weight loss.

After another follow-up evaluation that was done after 3-5 years on the individuals treated with the Optifast Core Program showed some moderate weight regain pattern.

That means that after 3 years from finishing the program, for example, male participants had regained an average of 20.2 kg of their original weight loss (34.3 kg), while females had gained an average of 14.1 kg of their initial weight loss (23.7 kg).

Other aspects of the initial weight loss have also been researches, such as the number of individuals treated with the Optifast diet who had managed to maintain a reduction in their initial body weight of 5%. This has shown a higher rate of success revealed by the Institute of Medicine expert panel. After 3 years from finishing the program approximately 73.3% of males and 55.1% of females has managed to maintain a weight loss of 5%.

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Still, it is recommended that data reported by Weight Watchers on the long term efficiency of the diet, must be interpreted with caution, because is it possible for this to represent a “best-case scenario.”

The number of 566 patients evaluated at the 3-year follow-up represented only a part of the initial number of patients (44% of the 1,283 patients who originally enrolled in the programs).  This means it is still possible for the patients who did not participate in the follow up to have regained some of the weight.

The diet also promises a risk reduction in the comorbidities associated with overweight and obesity, targeting disorders such as Type II diabetes (30% reduction in blood glucose), increased levels of  cholesterol (14% decrease in seric cholesterol) and increased BP (11% decrease in blood pressure).

So far, the Optifast diet has proven to be quite efficient, probably because of the supervision that the patients undergo and the strict caloric intake. However, its efficiency can be diminished during the last phase of the diet when the patient is allowed to also eat some of the normal meals. This might tempt the patient into choosing a meal that is not that low in calories and is not recommended during dieting.

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Mechanism of Action

It belongs to the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). Its structure is unrelated to other SSRIs. Citalopram works by inhibiting the absorption of serotonin in the brain which results in elevated serotonin levels necessary to combat depression.

Dosage Administration

Citalopram HBr, also known as Celexa is available for oral administration in the form of film coated tablets, available in the potency of 10, 20, and 40 mg.

Treatment of dysthymia starts at an initial dose of 20 mg OD (once daily), and can be gradually increased up to 40 mg per day over a period of at least one week. Doses above 40 mg are not recommended because such a high dose may lead to QT prolongation.

Metabolism

Citalopram is mainly metabolized by the liver’s Cytochrome P450 System into the less toxic or inactive metabolites which are then excreted through urine.

Drug Interactions

Citalopram can interact with the drugs that affect CYP enzymes. There are some medications that inhibit the CYP enzyme resulting in increased levels or enhanced effects of Citalopram. Examples of such drugs are verapamil, quinidine, nefazodone, diclofenac, doxycycline, protease inhibitors and azole antifungals. Others induce the enzyme and limit the efficacy of citalopram, for example nafcillin, nevirapine, carbamazepine, phenytoin, aminoglutethimide and rifamycins.

Other Adverse Effects:

1. Frequently observed effects are as under:
2. Cardiovascular: tachycardia, postural hypotension
3. Central and Peripheral nervous systems: paresthesia, migraine
4. Endocrine System: goiter, hyperthyroidism
5. Urinary system: Polyuria
6. Digestive System: increased salivation, flatulence

Precautions before Starting Treatment

Celexa contains a few inactive ingredients that can become a basis for allergic reactions or other complications in prone patients. Before using this medicine, discuss with your doctor if you have a family history of suicide attempts, manic depressive or bipolar disorder, renal impairment, liver disease, low sodium level in blood, peptic ulcers or bleeding problems.

Discontinuation of treatment

As with other SSRIs and SNRIs, withdrawal symptoms are associated with the discontinuation of citalopram. Therefore, the dose should be gradually tapered off. Patients should be closely monitored for the symptoms. If intolerable symptoms appear then it is recommended to resume the dose. Subsequently, it should be decreased at a more gradual level.

The Chemistry

Celexa® (citalopram HBr) is an orally administered selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with a chemical structure unrelated to that of other SSRIs or of tricyclic, tetracyclic, or other available antidepressant agents. Citalopram HBr is a racemic bicyclic phthalane derivative designated (±)-1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5- carbonitrile, HBr with the following structural formula:

The molecular formula is C₂₀H₂₂BrFN₂O and its molecular weight is 405.35.

Citalopram HBr occurs as a fine, white to off-white powder. Citalopram HBr is sparingly soluble in water and soluble in ethanol.

Celexa (citalopram hydrobromide) is available as tablets or as an oral solution.

Celexa 10 mg tablets are film-coated, oval tablets containing citalopram HBr in strengths equivalent to 10 mg citalopram base. Celexa 20 mg and 40 mg tablets are film-coated, oval, scored tablets containing citalopram HBr in strengths equivalent to 20 mg or 40 mg citalopram base. The tablets also contain the following inactive ingredients: copolyvidone, corn starch, crosscarmellose sodium, glycerin, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, hypromellose, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, and titanium dioxide. Iron oxides are used as coloring agents in the beige (10 mg) and pink (20 mg) tablets.

Celexa oral solution contains citalopram HBr equivalent to 2 mg/mL citalopram base. It also contains the following inactive ingredients: sorbitol, purified water, propylene glycol, methylparaben, natural peppermint flavor, and propylparaben.

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The Original Post is Located Here: Treatment for Dysthymic Disorder Using Citalopram Hydrobromide